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Related Concept Videos

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Pituitary dysfunction in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Arturo Vega-Beyhart1, Irene Rocío Medina-Rangel2, Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola2

  • 1Clínica de Neuroendocrinología, Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000, Mexico City, Mexico.

Clinical Rheumatology
|August 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) rarely affects the pituitary gland, leading to hypophysitis. Central diabetes insipidus in patients with GPA warrants suspicion for pituitary involvement, often resulting in poor long-term pituitary function.

Keywords:
Granulomatosis with polyangiitisHypophysitisPituitaryVasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Immunology
  • Rheumatology and Vasculitis Research

Background:

  • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare necrotizing vasculitis affecting small vessels.
  • Pituitary gland involvement (hypophysitis) in GPA is exceptionally uncommon, occurring in less than 1% of cases.
  • Early identification and management of GPA-related hypophysitis are crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the clinical, biochemical, and radiological characteristics of GPA-related hypophysitis.
  • To evaluate treatment strategies and outcomes in patients with GPA affecting the pituitary gland.
  • To systematically review and synthesize existing literature on GPA hypophysitis.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional case series of 4 patients with GPA hypophysitis from 1981-2018.
  • A systematic literature review of 7 case series and 36 case reports (74 additional patients) from 1950-2019.
  • Analysis included clinical presentation, biochemical data, imaging findings, treatment regimens, and patient follow-up (minimum 6 months).

Main Results:

  • GPA pituitary involvement was identified in 2.0% of GPA patients at the institution (4/197).
  • Central diabetes insipidus, especially in younger women with systemic GPA, is a key indicator.
  • Despite systemic treatment, pituitary function outcomes are generally poor, often requiring permanent hormonal replacement.

Conclusions:

  • GPA hypophysitis is a rare but significant manifestation, with central diabetes insipidus as a potential early sign.
  • Other endocrine gland involvement is infrequent, suggesting a localized or regional pathogenesis.
  • Current treatment strategies, including glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide, show no significant difference in pituitary function outcomes.