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Unusual Results01:16

Unusual Results

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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
According to the range rule of thumb, any value above or below two standard deviations, 2σ  from the mean, μ  is considered unusual.
Maximum unusual value =...
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Self-presentation is a fundamental aspect of social interaction, shaping both how others perceive individuals and how they view themselves. This dynamic process influences behaviors in various social settings, often leading people to adjust their appearance, speech, and demeanor to align with their desired identity. While self-presentation can be deliberate or unconscious, it plays a critical role in interpersonal relationships and self-perception.Forms of Self-PresentationSelf-presentation can...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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z Scores and Unusual Values01:07

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The z score is one of the three measures of relative standing. It describes the location of a value in a dataset relative to the mean. z scores are obtained after the standardization of the values in a dataset. The z score for the mean is 0.
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Strategies of Self-Presentation I: Strategic Self-Presentation01:12

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Strategic self-presentation refers to individuals' intentional efforts to influence how others perceive them. This process is employed in various social and professional settings, such as job interviews, dating, politics, and legal contexts, where individuals seek to shape impressions to gain social or material advantages. While people generally present themselves in ways that align with their authentic characteristics, external factors, such as cognitive load, can hinder their ability to...
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Processes of Self-Presentation01:29

Processes of Self-Presentation

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Effective self-presentation is a central component of social interaction and identity construction. It relies on the dynamic processes of defining the situation and engaging in self-disclosure. These mechanisms help individuals navigate social context expectations and manage how others perceive them, fostering mutual understanding and relationship development.Defining the SituationSocial situations are shaped by collectively understood frames—a set of widely understood rules or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Intrapericardial Ectopic Goiter: A Very Unusual Presentation.

Daisuke Sato1, Sohei Hayashi1, Shozo Sakata1

  • 1Division of Respiratory Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery : Official Journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia
|August 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Mediastinal ectopic goiter, a thyroid tumor, can rarely occur within the pericardium. This case report details an extremely rare instance of intrapericardial ectopic goiter in a 63-year-old woman.

Keywords:
coronary arteryectopic goiterintrapericardial tumorthyroid tissue

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Mediastinal ectopic goiter is a rare condition where thyroid tissue is found outside the normal thyroid gland location in the neck.
  • These ectopic goiters are typically located in the mediastinum, often near the thymus.
  • Intrapericardial ectopic goiter, located within the pericardium, represents an exceptionally rare variant.

Observation:

  • A 63-year-old woman presented with an extremely rare case of intrapericardial ectopic goiter.
  • The goiter was situated entirely within the pericardial sac.
  • This presentation highlights the unusual anatomical locations ectopic thyroid tissue can occupy.

Findings:

  • The case confirms the possibility of ectopic thyroid tissue developing within the pericardium.
  • Diagnostic imaging and surgical findings confirmed the intrapericardial location of the goiter.
  • Histopathological analysis verified the ectopic thyroid tissue.

Implications:

  • This case expands the known spectrum of ectopic goiter presentations.
  • It underscores the importance of considering rare anatomical variations in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses.
  • Further understanding of such rare cases may inform surgical approaches and patient management.