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Related Concept Videos

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Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Axonal Transport of Organelles in Motor Neuron Cultures using Microfluidic Chambers System
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Axonal Transport and Mitochondrial Function in Neurons.

Amrita Mandal1, Catherine M Drerup1

  • 1Unit on Neuronal Cell Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|August 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Neurons rely on precise mitochondrial transport for energy and function. This review details how axonal transport and organelle dynamics maintain healthy mitochondria, crucial for preventing neurodegeneration.

Keywords:
axonal transportdyneinkinesinmitochondriamitochondrial dynamicsneurodegenerative disease

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Expanding the Toolkit for In Vivo Imaging of Axonal Transport
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Neurons possess complex structures requiring efficient protein and organelle localization.
  • Mitochondria are vital for neuronal energy production, synaptic function, and overall homeostasis.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review transport-dependent mechanisms regulating mitochondrial replenishment in neurons.
  • To highlight the importance of mitochondrial localization for neuronal health.
  • To discuss how axonal transport, mRNA/protein import, and organelle dynamics maintain distal mitochondrial pools.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on cellular transport mechanisms in neurons.
  • Analysis of studies investigating mitochondrial dynamics (fusion/fission).
  • Examination of research on axonal transport of mitochondria and their components.

Main Results:

  • Axonal transport is critical for delivering mitochondria and necessary components to distal neuronal compartments.
  • Import of mitochondrial mRNAs and proteins via axonal transport ensures localized synthesis and maintenance.
  • Mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics are essential for managing mitochondrial health and distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Effective mitochondrial transport and dynamics are fundamental for neuronal homeostasis and function.
  • Disruptions in these transport-dependent mechanisms contribute to neurodegeneration.
  • Understanding these processes offers potential therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.