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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Hydrogen Bonds

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

Published on: July 2, 2015

Modeling alginate encapsulation system for biological hydrogen production.

Kuang Zhu¹, William A Arnold¹, Paige J Novak¹

¹Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

|August 27, 2019

Summary

A new model optimizes encapsulated biomass for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This growth-limited system accurately predicts hydrogen production from brewery wastewater, enabling cost-effective customization.

Keywords:

biomass encapsulation hydrogen production modeling resources recovery

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Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Mammalian Cell Encapsulation in Alginate Beads Using a Simple Stirred Vessel

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Environmental Science and Engineering
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Encapsulated biomass offers high-rate resource recovery from wastewater.
Customizable encapsulation matrices enhance biomass retention and mass transport.
Effective treatment of diverse waste streams requires tailored systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a predictive model for calcium-alginate beads encapsulating hydrogen-producing biomass.
To enable a priori customization of encapsulated biomass systems for resource recovery.
To optimize hydrogen production from brewery wastewater.

Main Methods:

Developed a diffusion-reaction model incorporating encapsulated biomass growth and product inhibition.
Verified the model using experimental data from brewery wastewater treatment.
Performed sensitivity analyses on hydraulic retention time, bead size, and feed concentration.

Main Results:

The model accurately described hydrogen recovery influenced by operating parameters.
Hydrogen production rate was growth-limited, not diffusion-limited.
Key sensitivities identified: substrate partition coefficient, initial biomass concentration, and bead volume.

Conclusions:

The developed model facilitates the design of efficient encapsulated biomass systems.
Model-based optimization can determine cost-effective solutions for specific waste streams.
This approach enhances resource recovery and wastewater treatment performance.