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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Extreme dipping: More complex than it looks.

Cesare Cuspidi1,2, Marijana Tadic3, Guido Grassi1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)
|August 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extreme dipping (ED) blood pressure patterns are poorly understood and controversial. This pattern is a heterogeneous phenotype with varied night-time blood pressure, necessitating further detailed evaluation.

Keywords:
cardiovascular riskextreme dippinghypotension

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Hypertension Research
  • Clinical Physiology

Background:

  • Clinical and prognostic implications of the extreme dipping (ED) blood pressure pattern remain poorly documented and debated.
  • Existing research indicates significant variability in mean night-time blood pressure among individuals with the ED pattern, ranging from hypotension to hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the heterogeneity of the extreme dipping phenotype.
  • To emphasize the need for more detailed investigation into the clinical and prognostic significance of extreme dipping blood pressure patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on extreme dipping blood pressure patterns.
  • Analysis of reported blood pressure variability in patients with extreme dipping.

Main Results:

  • The extreme dipping blood pressure pattern is characterized by a wide spectrum of night-time blood pressure values.
  • Significant inter-individual differences exist in mean night-time blood pressure within the extreme dipping phenotype.

Conclusions:

  • The extreme dipping pattern represents a heterogeneous clinical phenotype.
  • Further in-depth studies are required to fully understand the clinical and prognostic implications of extreme dipping blood pressure.