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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

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Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
Nonlinear drug absorption can occur when the process is rate-limited by solubility, carrier-mediated transport systems, or saturation of the presystemic gut wall or hepatic metabolism. For instance, high doses of riboflavin...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:19

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview

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Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation01:18

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Michaelis-Menten Equation

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The Michaelis–Menten equation is a fundamental model for describing capacity-limited kinetics in drug metabolism. It offers insights into the rate of decline of plasma drug concentration Cp over time, with Vmax and KM as pivotal parameters.
Vmax represents the maximum achievable process rate, while KM, known as the Michaelis constant, signifies the drug concentration at which the process rate reaches half its maximum. This relationship between Vmax, KM, and Cp gives rise to three distinct...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters01:27

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Role of Transporters

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A drug's nonlinear kinetics can be influenced by a diverse range of transporter proteins that serve as crucial players in drug distribution. These transporters, found within cells, can enhance or reduce local drug concentrations by facilitating the influx or efflux of drugs. For instance, the expression of xenobiotic transporters can be influenced by factors such as age and gender, potentially impacting the linearity of drug response.
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Bioavailability and Protein-Drug Binding01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Bioavailability and Protein-Drug Binding

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When a drug follows nonlinear pharmacokinetics, its bioavailability, the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, can change with different doses. This is due to the presence of a saturable pathway. The pathway becomes saturated as the drug concentration increases, decreasing the absorption rate. Consequently, the drug's bioavailability may be lower than expected at higher doses.
To quantify the extent of bioavailability, pharmacologists often use a parameter called .
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection00:59

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination for IV Bolus Injection

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In pharmacokinetics, the elimination rate of a drug following a capacity-limited model is primarily controlled by two parameters: Vmax and KM. These parameters are crucial in how the drug behaves inside the body after administration.
Following the administration of a single intravenous (IV) bolus injection, we can determine the concentration of the drug in the plasma at any given time. This calculation is achieved using a specific equation that integrates the values of Vmax and KM.
We can also...
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Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Nonlinear Graphene Nanoplasmonics.

Joel D Cox1,2, F Javier García de Abajo3,4

  • 1Center for Nano Optics , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|August 27, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graphene nanostructures enable enhanced nonlinear optics by concentrating light and exhibiting strong intrinsic optical nonlinearity. This research explores nonlinear graphene plasmonics for advanced optical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasmonics and nonlinear optics
  • Nanophotonics and materials science

Background:

  • Nonlinear optics traditionally relies on macroscopic structures or high-quality factor resonances, which have limitations.
  • Noble metals dominate plasmonics but suffer from ohmic losses and limited tunability.
  • Graphene offers tunable, confined plasmon resonances in the infrared and terahertz regimes, with potential for visible light applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in nonlinear graphene plasmonics.
  • To highlight the unique properties of graphene for enhanced nonlinear optical phenomena.
  • To discuss the synergy between graphene plasmons and intrinsic optical nonlinearity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing highly doped graphene for plasmonics.
  • Patterning graphene into nanostructures to confine light and tune resonances.
  • Leveraging graphene's conical electronic dispersion for intense nonlinear responses.

Main Results:

  • Graphene nanostructures support highly confined, tunable plasmon resonances.
  • Graphene exhibits significant intrinsic optical nonlinearity, enhanced by plasmonic coupling.
  • Demonstrated high harmonic generation, Kerr nonlinearities, and thermo-optical switching.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene is a promising material for nonlinear optics due to its plasmonic and nonlinear properties.
  • Nonlinear graphene plasmonics offers opportunities for advanced optical devices and phenomena.
  • Future research directions include exploring interactions with quantum emitters and single-photon level switching.