Wireless Hyperthermia Stent System for Restenosis Treatment and Testing With Swine Model

This paper reports the first in vivo testing of a resonant-heating stent toward wireless hyperthermia treatment of in-stent restenosis. The stent, made of gold-coated medical-grade stainless steel, is designed to function as an electrical inductor and forms a radiofrequency (RF) resonant circuit with an integrated capacitor microchip. Upon implantation and deployment with the balloon catheter, the stent device serves as a wireless heater as part of the resonant wireless power transfer system, which allows for the device to produce mild heat only when the stent is resonated with a tuned RF electromagnetic field supplied from the external antenna. The wireless power transmitter includes an independent omnidirectional booster antenna that enhances the power delivery to the implanted stent device. The entire stent device is packaged with 40-μm-thick Parylene C film that is shown to be essential for minimizing electrothermal damping in a conductive liquid like blood. The in vitro tests of the prototype system show a temperature increase of 3.3 °C in the stent device couple in a flow loop of saline pumped at a flow rate relevant to the condition of coronary stenosis. In swine models, the system demonstrates RF heating of the stent devices expanded to different diameters, in live blood stream, achieving temperature rises of up to 2.6 °C in a consistent and repeatable manner. These results bring the technology one step closer toward clinical realization of wireless thermal therapy of in-stent restenosis.