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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Functional neuroimaging aims to explain individual behavioral differences linked to clinical and social factors.
  • Analyzing inter-individual differences in task-related brain activity is a key application area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the theoretical and statistical underpinnings of analyzing inter-individual differences in task-related functional neuroimaging.
  • To identify limitations in current analytical approaches and propose improvements.

Main Methods:

  • A five-year literature review (July 2013-2018) of inter-individual difference analyses in functional neuroimaging.
  • Examination of the statistical foundations and common practices in the field.

Main Results:

  • Researchers frequently assess individual differences in brain activations.
  • Current analytical frameworks, often based on resource theory, provide excessive flexibility, potentially undermining validity.
  • Inter-individual behavioral differences can act as hidden moderators, spuriously influencing activation findings within the general linear model.

Conclusions:

  • Current methods for analyzing inter-individual differences in task-related functional neuroimaging may lack statistical validity and neurobiological interpretability.
  • Recommendations are provided to enhance the rigor and reliability of these analyses.
  • Future research should focus on improving statistical validity and neurobiological interpretability in neuroimaging studies of individual differences.