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Early-life factors contributing to type 1 diabetes
Maria E Craig1,2,3, Ki Wook Kim4,5, Sonia R Isaacs4,5
1School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia. m.craig@unsw.edu.au.
Diabetologia
|August 28, 2019
Summary
Environmental factors significantly contribute to the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Early life exposures, including maternal and infant factors, play a crucial role in T1D development alongside genetics.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Endocrinology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence has risen rapidly, exceeding genetic explanations.
- Autoantibodies linked to T1D can appear in infancy, with early-onset T1D being more aggressive.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the hypothesis that early-life environmental exposures contribute to T1D risk.
- To investigate the multifactorial model involving genetics and environment in T1D pathogenesis.
Main Methods:
- Review of longitudinal cohort studies and epidemiological data.
- Analysis of factors including maternal, neonatal, and early childhood exposures.
- Examination of potential triggers like viral infections and the microbiome.
Main Results:
- Early environmental exposures (maternal, in utero, postnatal) are linked to increased T1D risk.
- Breastfeeding may offer a slight protective effect; hydrolyzed formula does not.
- Viral infections (enteroviruses) are suspected but not definitively proven triggers.
Conclusions:
- T1D pathogenesis involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
- Understanding these interactions, especially in diverse populations, is key for primary prevention strategies.
- Further research into the microbiome's role is ongoing.
Keywords:
ChildDietEnterovirusGene–environment interactionLife course developmentMicrobiomePregnancyReviewType 1 diabetesVirusMore Related Videos
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