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Reaction Rate02:53

Reaction Rate

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
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Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Related Rates01:18

Related Rates

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When two or more physical quantities are linked by a single relationship, a change in one variable necessarily affects the others. This interdependence forms the basis of related rates analysis, which examines how different quantities change with respect to time. A classic physical example is an expanding balloon, where the size of the balloon changes continuously as air is added.For a hot air balloon, the inflated envelope is commonly idealized as a perfect sphere to simplify mathematical...
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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Individualized Stem-positioning in Calcar-guided Short-stem Total Hip Arthroplasty
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Individualized Stem-positioning in Calcar-guided Short-stem Total Hip Arthroplasty

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DOES TOPICAL USE OF GENTAMICIN REDUCE THE INFECTION RATE IN PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY?

Caio Luiz de Toledo Oliveira1, Felipe Abrahão Elias1, André Dos Santos Ribacionka1

  • 1Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Acta Ortopedica Brasileira
|August 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Topical gentamicin did not lower infection rates in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study found no significant difference in periprosthetic joint infection rates between patients receiving intravenous cefazolin alone versus combined with topical gentamicin.

Keywords:
Antibiotic prophylaxisArthroplasty, Replacement, HipClinical studyInfection

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Infectious Disease Prevention
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA).
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis is crucial in preventing PJI.
  • The efficacy of topical gentamicin in addition to standard intravenous prophylaxis for primary THA requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of topical gentamicin in reducing PJI rates in primary total hip arthroplasty.
  • To compare PJI incidence in patients receiving standard intravenous cefazolin versus intravenous cefazolin plus topical gentamicin.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of two patient cohorts undergoing primary THA at a university hospital.
  • Cohort 1 (263 hips): Intravenous cefazolin prophylaxis.
  • Cohort 2 (170 hips): Intravenous cefazolin plus topical gentamicin prophylaxis.
  • Minimum 1-year follow-up with comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and radiological assessment.
  • Periprosthetic joint infection diagnosed using CDC criteria.

Main Results:

  • Periprosthetic joint infection occurred in 4.9% of hips in the cefazolin-only group (13/263).
  • Periprosthetic joint infection occurred in 4.7% of hips in the cefazolin plus gentamicin group (8/170).
  • No statistically significant difference in PJI rates was observed between the two groups (p = 1.0).

Conclusions:

  • Topical gentamicin, when used as an adjunct to intravenous cefazolin in primary THA, did not reduce the incidence of periprosthetic joint infection.
  • Current prophylactic protocols for primary THA may not benefit from the addition of topical gentamicin.
  • Further research may explore alternative strategies for PJI prevention in THA.