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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Directed Assembly of Elastin-like Proteins into defined Supramolecular Structures and Cargo Encapsulation In Vitro
Published on: April 8, 2020
Steering the Self-Assembly Outcome of a Single NDI Monomer into Three Morphologically Distinct Supramolecular
Grzegorz Markiewicz1,2, Maarten M J Smulders3, Artur R Stefankiewicz1,2
1Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznan´skiego 8 61-614 Poznan´ Poland.
Abstract:
Noncovalent self-assembly creates an effective route to highly sophisticated supramolecular polymers with tunable properties. However, the outcome of this assembly process is highly dependent on external conditions. In this work, a monomeric naphthalene diimide (NDI), designed to allow solubility in a wide range of solvents, can assemble into three distinct noncovalent supramolecular species depending on solvent composition and temperature. Namely, while the self-assembly in chlorinated solvents yields relatively short, hydrogen-bonded nanotubes, the reduction of solvent polarity changes the assembly outcome, yielding π-π stacking polymers, which can further bundle into a more complex aggregate. The obtained polymers differ not only in their global morphology but-more strikingly-also in the thermodynamics and kinetics of their supramolecular self-assembly, involving isodesmic or two-stage cooperative assembly with kinetic hysteresis, respectively. Ultimately, three distinct assembly states can be accessed in a single experiment.
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