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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Advanced Training and Job Satisfaction Among Recent Canadian Plastic Surgery Graduates.

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Canadian plastic surgery graduates pursue advanced training, with most completing fellowships and practicing subspecialty medicine. Postgraduate degrees correlate with increased research output, and job satisfaction remains high.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training

Background:

  • Canadian plastic surgery graduates pursue advanced degrees and fellowships to enhance competitiveness.
  • The impact of additional training on practice profiles and job satisfaction is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the impact of postgraduate training on the practice profiles of recent Canadian plastic surgery graduates.
  • To assess the job satisfaction levels among these graduates.

Main Methods:

  • An anonymous, cross-sectional online survey was distributed to 250 Canadian plastic surgery residency graduates (2005-2015).
  • Survey data included demographics, practice profiles (clinical, teaching, research, administrative), and job satisfaction.

Main Results:

  • A 39% response rate was achieved. 71% held permanent attending positions, with 86% of those having completed at least one fellowship.
  • Fellowship-trained surgeons predominantly practice in their subspecialty (76%).
  • Advanced degrees correlated with increased research practice (p=0.074) and publications (p=0.028). 86% reported job satisfaction.

Conclusions:

  • Most recent Canadian plastic surgery graduates undertake fellowship training and practice within their subspecialty.
  • Postgraduate degrees are linked to higher annual publication rates.
  • High job satisfaction is reported among recent graduates.