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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

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Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
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DNA Helicases00:55

DNA Helicases

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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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Recombinant DNA

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Overview
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Related Experiment Video

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Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation
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DNA Methylation Trajectories During Pregnancy.

Olena Gruzieva1,2, Simon Kebede Merid1, Su Chen3

  • 1Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Epigenetics Insights
|August 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study tracked DNA methylation changes during pregnancy, finding most sites decreased over time. These changes are linked to metabolic pathways crucial for pregnancy and lactation adaptations.

Keywords:
CohortDNA methylationIllumina EPIC and Infinium chippregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation (DNAm) variability over time is increasingly recognized.
  • However, the dynamic changes in DNAm patterns specifically during pregnancy remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal DNAm dynamics throughout pregnancy.
  • To identify specific DNAm changes and associated biological pathways during this critical period.

Main Methods:

  • Epigenome-wide, longitudinal DNAm study using Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays.
  • Analysis of repeated blood samples from women before, during, and after pregnancy (n=21).
  • Replication in a separate birth cohort (n=27) using Infinium HumanMethylation450k BeadChip.

Main Results:

  • Identified 196 CpG sites with significant intra-individual longitudinal DNAm changes (FDR P < .05).
  • The majority (91%) of these sites showed a decrease in average methylation levels.
  • Replicated 17 out of 36 CpGs in an independent cohort, with consistent directionality.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancy is associated with significant longitudinal changes in DNA methylation.
  • These epigenetic alterations are linked to key metabolic pathways, including adipose tissue and mammary gland development.
  • Findings enhance understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying pregnancy and lactation adaptations.