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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Fast Fourier Transform01:10

Fast Fourier Transform

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The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a computational algorithm designed to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently. By breaking down the calculations into smaller, manageable sections, the FFT significantly reduces the computational complexity involved. Direct computation of an N-point DFT requires N2 complex multiplications, whereas the FFT algorithm needs only (N/2)log⁡2N multiplications, offering a much faster performance.
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Identifying Dysregulated Genes Induced by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus KSHV
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Obesity dysregulates fasting-induced changes in glucagon secretion.

Jennifer H Stern1, Gordon I Smith2, Shiuwei Chen1

  • 1Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|August 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Obesity disrupts normal glucagon regulation during fasting, leading to a static glucagon:insulin ratio. This impaired hormonal balance contributes to hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes risk.

Keywords:
fastingglucagoninsulin resistanceobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic research
  • Diabetes pathophysiology

Background:

  • Hyperglucagonemia is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia, increasing type 2 diabetes risk.
  • Glucagon signaling is a critical therapeutic target for managing insulin resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate glucagon homeostasis and the glucagon:insulin ratio in lean versus obese states during fasting and refeeding.
  • To understand the role of glucagon dysregulation in obesity-related metabolic disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of serum glucagon and insulin levels in lean and diet-induced obese mice under fasting and refeeding conditions.
  • Pancreatic perfusion studies in mice to assess glucagon secretion.
  • Evaluation of glucagon and insulin responses to a mixed meal in obese humans.

Main Results:

  • Obese mice showed decreased serum glucagon during prolonged fasting, unlike lean mice, resulting in an unchanged glucagon:insulin ratio.
  • Refeeding normalized hyperglucagonemia in obese mice, while fasting decreased pancreatic glucagon secretion.
  • Obese humans exhibited blunted changes in glucagon:insulin ratios post-meal compared to lean individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Fasting and refeeding exhibit altered glucagon dynamics in obesity.
  • A static glucagon:insulin ratio in obesity may contribute to impaired glucose regulation.
  • Dysregulated glucagon signaling is a key factor in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes.