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Related Concept Videos

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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[Cardiologic Check-ups].

Ulrike Rudolph, Ulrich Laufs

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |August 28, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cardiovascular diseases are a major global health issue. Identifying and managing risk factors like smoking and high blood pressure through tools such as the SCORE algorithm can prevent up to 80% of these conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Public Health
    • Preventive Medicine

    Background:

    • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), represent the primary cause of global morbidity and mortality.
    • A significant portion of CVD cases, up to 80%, are preventable through the management of modifiable risk factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To emphasize the critical role of risk factor assessment in cardiovascular disease prevention.
    • To highlight the utility of risk scores in quantifying individual CVD risk.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing established risk assessment tools, such as the SCORE algorithm.
    • Incorporating key cardiovascular risk factors: age, sex, smoking status, arterial hypertension, and cholesterol levels.

    Main Results:

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    • Risk scores effectively integrate multiple cardiovascular risk factors for comprehensive individual risk assessment.
    • The SCORE algorithm provides a framework for identifying individuals at higher risk for CVD.

    Conclusions:

    • Proactive management of modifiable risk factors is essential for CVD prevention.
    • Risk stratification using tools like the SCORE algorithm is a cornerstone of preventive cardiology strategies.