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Related Concept Videos

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving01:23

Vertical Curve: Problem Solving

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Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Introduction to Vertical Curves01:24

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Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...
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Elevation of Intermediate Points on Vertical Curves01:20

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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Sight Distance in a Vertical Curve01:29

Sight Distance in a Vertical Curve

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Sight distance on vertical curves is critical in roadway design. It ensures drivers can see far enough ahead to identify and respond to hazards effectively. This directly impacts safety, driver comfort, and the overall efficiency of the transportation network.Vertical curves are classified into crest and sag curves based on their geometry. For crest curves, sight distance is determined by the line of sight between a driver's eye and a small object on the road's surface. Design parameters for...
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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Preparation of Large-area Vertical 2D Crystal Hetero-structures Through the Sulfurization of Transition Metal Films for Device Fabrication
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Vertically Stacked CVD-Grown 2D Heterostructure for Wafer-Scale Electronics.

Seongchan Kim, Young Chan Kim, Young Jin Choi

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Sogang University , Seoul 04107 , Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Wafer-scale graphene/MoS2 heterostructures were fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for vertical transistors. This breakthrough enables tunable work-function electrodes for advanced logic gates.

Keywords:
Schottky barrierchemical vapor depositiongraphenevertical transistorwork-function tunability

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Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electronics Engineering

Background:

  • Development of 2D materials like graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for electronic devices.
  • Need for scalable fabrication methods for high-performance electronic components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate wafer-scale graphene/MoS2 heterostructures for vertical transistors and logic gates.
  • To investigate the role of graphene's tunable work function in modulating device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Wafer-scale synthesis of bulk MoS2 and monolayer graphene via chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
  • Fabrication of vertical transistors by sandwiching MoS2 between Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and graphene electrodes.
  • Characterization of electronic properties and device performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high current density exceeding 7 A/cm2 in vertical transistors.
  • Demonstrated effective modulation of Schottky barrier height and width via graphene work function tuning.
  • Fabricated wafer-scale arrays of transistors and logic gates (NOT, NAND, NOR).

Conclusions:

  • Successful demonstration of wafer-scale graphene/MoS2 heterostructures for advanced electronics.
  • Graphene's tunable work function is crucial for controlling electron injection barriers and device performance.
  • Potential for large-scale integration of 2D materials in future electronic circuits.