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Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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The video demonstrates a paper-based immunoassay, involving amine-functionalized cellulose discs cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Covalent immobilization of IgG-Fc-specific capture antibodies, followed by the introduction of immunoglobulin G and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated detection antibodies, results in a color change confirming the presence of immunoglobulin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Paper-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of Immunoglobulin G
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Photochromic Paper Indicators for Acidic Food Spoilage Detection.

Maria E Genovese1, Sinoj Abraham2, Gianvito Caputo1

  • 1Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.

ACS Omega
|August 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel photoresponsive cellulose composite for detecting food spoilage. The material visually signals acidity changes, offering a smart indicator for food packaging and gas monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Cellulosic filter paper (FP) is a versatile substrate.
  • Spiropyran-modified acrylic polymers exhibit photochromic properties.
  • Developing responsive materials for real-time detection is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a photoresponsive microstructured composite using cellulose and spiropyran-modified polymer.
  • To investigate the composite's photochromic and acidochromic behavior.
  • To demonstrate its application as a visual indicator for food spoilage and gas monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Impregnation of cellulosic filter paper with spiropyran-modified acrylic polymer.
  • Characterization of the composite's structure, thermal stability, and photochromic response (UV/visible light).
  • Evaluation of acidochromism for detecting acidic vapors and its performance in food spoilage detection.

Main Results:

  • The composite exhibits uniform polymer coating, enhanced thermal stability, and preserved functionality.
  • Reversible photochromic switching between spiropyran and merocyanine states was achieved with fast response and high reusability (>100 cycles).
  • Acidochromism enabled visual detection of acidity changes, demonstrated by color transition (pink to white) upon exposure to acidic vapors from spoiled food.

Conclusions:

  • The developed photoresponsive cellulose composite is a cost-effective and robust optical material.
  • It serves as a consumer-friendly indicator for smart food packaging and portable gas monitoring.
  • The material offers a promising platform for integrated functional devices and on-demand acidoresponsive interfaces.