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Ions and Ionic Charges

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.

Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Ions and Ionic Charges: Formation of Cations and Anions

Ions and Ionic Charges: Formation of Cations and Anions

Atomic Charges in Highly Ionic Diatomic Molecules.

Shilin Hou¹, Ali Hamza Qureshi¹, Zhengxing Wei¹

¹Department of Physics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China.

|August 29, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Atomic charges in ionic molecules are predictable using molecular dipole moments and atomic polarizabilities. This method accurately estimates atomic charges and dipole moments for various molecules, validated by computational chemistry.

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Ions and Ionic Charges: Formation of Cations and Anions

Ions and Ionic Charges: Formation of Cations and Anions

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Quantum Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Molecular Modeling

Background:

Accurate determination of atomic charges is crucial for understanding molecular properties and chemical bonding.
Existing methods for calculating atomic charges can be computationally intensive or lack direct experimental correlation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a predictive model for atomic charges in highly ionic molecules using readily available molecular constants.
To establish a relationship between atomic charges, molecular dipole moments, and atomic polarizabilities.

Main Methods:

Utilized the variation principle to derive a functional relationship for atomic charges.
Employed classical Rittner's relationship as a theoretical framework.
Performed high-level ab initio computations to obtain polarizabilities of relevant ions.

Main Results:

Developed a function relating atomic charges to molecular dipole moments and polarizabilities of free atoms/ions.
Predicted atomic charges close to an elementary charge (e) for alkali halides and other high-ionic systems.
Obtained good agreement between predicted and observed dipole moments, and with natural population analysis results.

Conclusions:

Atomic charges in highly ionic systems can be reliably predicted using molecular dipole moments and atomic polarizabilities.
The proposed method offers a computationally efficient approach to obtaining high-quality atomic charges.
The findings provide a valuable tool for theoretical chemistry research and molecular design.