Shock-Induced Hot Spot Formation and Spalling in 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine Containing a Cube Void

The initial reaction mechanism of energetic materials under impact loading and the role of crystal properties in impact initiation and sensitivity are still unclear. In this paper, we report reactive molecular dynamics simulations of shock initiation of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) crystals containing a cube void. Shock-induced void collapse, hot spots formation and growth, as well as spalling are revealed to be dependent on the shock velocity. The void collapse times are 1.5 and 0.7 ps, for the shock velocity of 2 and 4 km·s^-1, respectively. Results indicate that the initial hot spot formation consists of two steps: one is the temperature rise caused by local plastic deformation and the other is the temperature increase resulting from the collision of upstream and downstream particles during the void collapse. Whether hot spots will continue to grow or quench depends on sensitive balance between energy release caused by local physical and chemical reactions and various heat dissipation mechanisms. In our simulations, hot spot would grow for U _p = 4 km·s^-1; hot spot is weak to some extent for U _p = 2 km·s^-1. The tensile wave reflected by the shock wave after reaching the free surface causes the spalling, which depends on the initial shock velocity. Typical spalling occurs for the shock velocity 2 km·s^-1, while the tensile wave induces the microsplit region in RDX crystals in the case of U _p = 4 km·s^-1. Chemical reactions are studied for Rankine-Hugoniot shock pressures P _s = 14.4, 57.8 GPa. For the weak shock, there is almost no decomposition reaction of the RDX molecules near the spalling region. On the contrary, there are large number of small molecule products, such as H₂O, CO₂, NO₂, and so forth, around the microsplit regions for the strong shock. The ruptures of N-NO₂ bond are the main initial reaction mechanisms for the shocked RDX crystal and are not affected by shock strength, while the microsplit slows down the decomposition rate of RDX. The work in this paper can shed light on a thorough understanding of thermal ignition, hot spot growth, and other physical and chemical phenomena of energetic materials containing voids under impact loading.