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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

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The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.

John F Cryan1, Kenneth J O'Riordan1, Caitlin S M Cowan1

  • 1APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Physiological Reviews
|August 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiota significantly influences brain function through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This connection impacts neurological and psychiatric disorders, with ongoing research exploring microbial-based therapies.

Keywords:
brain-gutmicrobiomeneurogastroenterologysecond brainstress

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The gut-brain axis is crucial for homeostasis.
  • The gut microbiota has emerged as a key regulator of gut-brain function.
  • The microbiota-gut-brain axis is increasingly relevant in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
  • To highlight the communication pathways between the microbiota and the brain.
  • To discuss the implications for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
  • Discussion of communication routes (immune system, metabolites, nervous system).
  • Examination of factors influencing microbiota composition (early life, aging, stress).

Main Results:

  • The gut microbiota communicates with the brain via immune, metabolic, and neural pathways.
  • Microbiota composition is influenced by factors like diet, antibiotics, stress, and genetics.
  • The gut microbiota is implicated in conditions such as autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in health and disease.
  • Animal models demonstrate microbiome's impact on neural processes.
  • Future research aims to clarify mechanisms and develop microbial-based therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders.