Transforaminal Ligaments of the Lumbar Spine: A Comprehensive Review

Once considered anomalous structures, transforaminal ligaments are not widely known and the criteria for identifying and classifying them are not universal. They are, however, of potential importance during neurological procedures, as their entrapment might lead to radicular pain. Transforaminal ligaments are not present in all patients, but when they are, the incidence of all types of ligaments is significantly higher, with the most common type being the superior corporotransverse ligament. By diminishing the overall amount of space available for the spinal nerve to pass, many early studies concluded that transforaminal ligaments were the cause of nerve root entrapment, resulting in radicular pain. However, more recent studies conducted have claimed that the ligaments do not cause radicular pain but rather are more for the protection of nerves and vessels. The contribution of transforaminal ligaments to radicular pain is still a topic of debate, but their role in the protection of nerves and vessels is certain. The clinician who performs interventional procedures directed toward the intervertebral foramen and the surgeon operating in this region should have a good working knowledge of the anatomy and proposed functions of the transforaminal ligaments.