Concentration-Dependent Effects of Zinc Sulfate on DU-145 Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line: Oxidative, Apoptotic,...

Zinc takes part in several of cellular signaling pathways, containing defense against free radicals, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, interaction between zinc and prostate cancer progression is poorly understood. Therefore, zinc treatment in DU-145 human prostate cancer cells was investigated. First, zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) concentrations with antiproliferative effect were determined using MTT assay. Then, ZnSO₄-induced oxidative damage was evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, total oxidant status (TOS) levels, and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels. Apoptotic effects of ZnSO₄ were determined by measuring biochemical and immunohistochemical parameters including caspase 3 (CASP3), cytochrome C (CYC), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels. Inflammatory effects of ZnSO₄ were investigated by measuring interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Finally, morphological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. We found that ZnSO₄ caused a concentration-dependent increase in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation pathways. Moreover, there were a number of morphological alterations in treated cells depending on the ZnSO₄ concentration. Consequently, our data showed that zinc acts as a regulator of increased oxidative damage and apoptosis through the upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6.