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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.5K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.5K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.5K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

19.9K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
19.9K
Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

21.0K
The fundamentals of radiation planning and delivery for proton therapy using prostate cancer as a model are presented. The application of these principles to other selected disease sites highlights how proton radiotherapy may enhance clinical outcomes for cancer...
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Solid Phase Synthesis09:42

Solid Phase Synthesis

43.3K
Source: Vy M. Dong and Diane Le, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Merrifield's solid-phase synthesis is a Nobel Prize winning invention where a reactant molecule is bound on a solid support and undergoes successive chemical reactions to form a desired compound. When the molecules are bound to a solid support, excess reagents and byproducts can be removed by washing away the impurities, while the target compound remains bound to the resin. Specifically, we will...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

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GDF-15 in solid vs non-solid treatment-naïve malignancies.

Henrike Arfsten1, Anna Cho1, Claudia Freitag1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

European Journal of Clinical Investigation
|August 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) elevation indicates worsening cancer and poor prognosis in treatment-naïve patients. Higher GDF-15 correlates with inflammation and cardiac dysfunction, highlighting its role in cardio-oncology.

Keywords:
GDF-15biomarkercancerinflammationprognosis

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Metallic Solids: Metallic Bonding, Crystal Structure and Properties
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Amorphous and Crystalline Solids; Unit Cell and Lattice Systems
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Amorphous and Crystalline Solids; Unit Cell and Lattice Systems

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Related Experiment Videos

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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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Metallic Solids: Metallic Bonding, Crystal Structure and Properties
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Metallic Solids: Metallic Bonding, Crystal Structure and Properties

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Amorphous and Crystalline Solids; Unit Cell and Lattice Systems

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Area of Science:

  • Cardio-oncology
  • Tumor biology
  • Biomarker research

Background:

  • Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) is a known cardiovascular risk marker with implications in cancer.
  • Elevated GDF-15 levels are observed across various tumor types.
  • Understanding GDF-15's role in cancer prognosis and its relation to cardiac biomarkers is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of GDF-15 with cardiac biomarkers.
  • To explore the prognostic significance of GDF-15 in an unselected cohort of treatment-naïve cancer patients.
  • To examine the relationship between GDF-15, disease severity, and systemic inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective enrollment of 555 treatment-naïve cancer patients at diagnosis.
  • Measurement of plasma GDF-15, cardiac biomarkers, and routine laboratory markers.
  • All-cause mortality as the primary endpoint, analyzed with multivariate adjustments.

Main Results:

  • GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in patients with metastatic disease.
  • GDF-15 showed positive correlations with inflammatory markers (CRP, SAA, IL-6) and cardiac biomarkers (NT-proBNP, hsTnT, MR-proADM, CT-proET-1).
  • Elevated GDF-15 was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality, particularly in solid tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated plasma GDF-15 is linked to advanced disease and poor prognosis in treatment-naïve solid tumor patients.
  • Increased GDF-15 reflects heightened systemic inflammation and subclinical organ impairment, including cardiac function.
  • GDF-15 offers insights into the pathophysiology of cardio-oncology, connecting cardiac and neoplastic diseases.