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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption01:19

Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption

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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones01:24

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

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Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
In the presence of multiple functional groups, when selective reduction of one group over the other is desired, groups like aldehydes and ketones that form acetals...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Protein Absorption01:12

Protein Absorption

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Proteins in the gastrointestinal tract typically come from food, but they can also originate from disintegrated cells or secreted enzymes. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin breaks down these proteins into polypeptides. The fragments then move into the duodenum as a semi-fluid mass called chyme. Pancreatic proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, and intestinal brush border enzymes like carboxypeptidases further dismantle the polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and free amino acids.
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Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
These breakdown products bind with bile salts and lecithin to form micelles, which quickly pass between microvilli to come in close contact with the apical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Extending the Lifespan of Soluble Lead Flow Batteries with a Sodium Acetate Additive
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Rectal absorption of flecainide acetate.

L Lie-A-Huen1, J H Kingma

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Rectal flecainide absorption was studied in a patient with supraventricular tachycardia. Aqueous solutions offered 100% bioavailability, while polyethylene glycol suppositories achieved 80% absorption.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Investigating alternative drug delivery for patients refractory to oral anti-arrhythmics.
  • Evaluating rectal absorption of flecainide in supraventricular tachycardia.

Observation:

  • Flecainide rectal absorption was assessed using aqueous solution, fatty, and polyethylene glycol suppositories.
  • Absorption kinetics and bioavailability were measured for each formulation.

Findings:

  • Aqueous flecainide solution demonstrated rapid (t1/2abs = 1 h) and complete (100% bioavailability) rectal absorption.
  • Polyethylene glycol suppositories showed good absorption (80% bioavailability, t1/2abs = 1.2 h).
  • Flecainide absorption was poor from a fatty suppository base.

Implications:

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  • Rectal administration, particularly as a solution or in polyethylene glycol, is a viable alternative for flecainide delivery.
  • This route may benefit patients with supraventricular tachycardia unresponsive to oral therapy.
  • Further research into rectal flecainide formulations is warranted.