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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Ionic Crystal Structures: Effect of Charge, Size and Ratio of Cation and Anions
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Ionic Crystal Structures: Effect of Charge, Size and Ratio of Cation and Anions

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Granular ionic crystals in a small nutshell.

Jan Haeberle1, Janni Harju, Matthias Sperl

  • 1Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, 51170 Köln, Germany. philip.born@dlr.de.

Soft Matter
|August 30, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Triboelectrically induced order in granular particles is suppressed by gravity. Using a container preventing dense packing, researchers observed robust ordering, revealing insights into crystal structures and particle interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Ordered arrangements of charged granular particles are known, but bulk binary packings are rare.
  • Gravity-induced dense packing is hypothesized to suppress triboelectric ordering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of triboelectrically induced order in granular particle systems.
  • To understand the factors suppressing order in bulk binary granular packings.
  • To explore the relationship between ordering, container geometry, and gravitational effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a specialized container that inhibits dense gravitational packing.
  • Observing and analyzing the ordered structures formed by triboelectrically charged granular particles.
  • Comparing emergent structures with Pauling's predictions for ionic crystals.

Main Results:

  • Triboelectric ordering robustly emerges in containers preventing dense gravitational packing.
  • The ordered structures exhibit similarities to, yet systematic deviations from, Pauling's predictions.
  • The emergence of order is linked to container incommensurability and gravitational potential energy.

Conclusions:

  • Suppression of triboelectric order in bulk binary granular systems is primarily due to gravity-driven dense packing.
  • Ordered granular structures can mimic aspects of atomic ionic crystals but possess unique characteristics.
  • Container geometry and gravitational forces play critical roles in the self-assembly of ordered granular matter.