Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 8, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
Published on: May 30, 2014
d'Alembert-Schrödinger hybrid simulation for laser-induced multiquantum state transitions in a three-dimensional
Abstract:
In this Letter, a d'Alembert-Schrödinger hybrid method is proposed to analyze the transient interaction between the incident electromagnetic control pulse and the electron. This hybrid method is based on the d'Alembert equation, which describes the propagation of the electromagnetic field and the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which describes the action of the electron. Moreover, the finite-difference time-domain method is used to solve those equations. In our simulation, using the presented hybrid equations and the control equation of the quantum state, a scheme is presented to design laser pulses to control discrete quantum states in a three-dimensional artificial atom model. Excitingly, the laser pulses have been successfully designed for the perfect four quantum states' transition for the first time. With that, the spatiotemporal distribution for the probability density of an electron wave packet is showed in detail to describe the laser-induced transition process of quantum states.
Related Concept Videos
The Bohr Model
The de Broglie Wavelength
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II
Electronic Structure of Atoms
An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and...

