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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System
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Colour vision testing in young children with reduced visual acuity.

Oliver Andreas Pfäffli1, Bálint Tamási2, James V M Hanson1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Acta Ophthalmologica
|August 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudoisochromatic (PIC) and Mollon-Reffin minimalist (MRM) tests are feasible for assessing color vision in children with reduced visual acuity. The Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) showed lower feasibility in younger children.

Keywords:
Cambridge Colour TestMollon-Reffin minimalistcolour discrimination thresholdcolour visionpseudoisochromatic colour vision

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Optometry
  • Color Vision Research

Background:

  • Assessing color vision in children with reduced visual acuity is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
  • Existing color vision tests may have limitations in terms of feasibility and reliability in young populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the feasibility, reliability, and discriminative validity of pseudoisochromatic (PIC) tests, the Mollon-Reffin minimalist (MRM) test, and the Cambridge Colour Test (CCT).
  • To assess these tests in children aged 3-10 years with reduced visual acuity.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 33 patients with reduced visual acuity and 38 age-matched healthy controls.
  • Visual acuity reduction was due to amblyopia, binocular maculopathy, or optic neuropathy.
  • Tests were administered within a single 1-hour session.

Main Results:

  • High completion rates were observed for PIC and MRM tests.
  • The CCT had lower feasibility, particularly in younger children (3-5 years), with success rates of 79% in patients and 87% in controls.
  • Age positively influenced CCT completion odds (OR 5.63, p=0.007).
  • PIC and MRM tests demonstrated high reliability, while CCT's reliability was lower.
  • Color discrimination thresholds decreased with age, irrespective of visual acuity status.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudoisochromatic (PIC) and Mollon-Reffin minimalist (MRM) tests are feasible and reliable for evaluating color vision in young children with reduced visual acuity.
  • The Cambridge Colour Test (CCT) exhibits reduced feasibility in children aged 3-5 years, likely due to its longer duration.
  • Color discrimination improves with age, a finding consistent across different visual acuity levels.