Additively manufactured small-diameter vascular grafts with improved tissue healing using a novel SNAP impregnation...

The vascular network has a complex architecture such as branches, curvatures, and bifurcations which is even more complicated in view of individual patients' defect anatomy requiring custom-specifically designed vascular implants. In this work, 3D printing is used to overcome these challenges and a new shorter impregnation method was developed to incorporate S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d-penicillamine (SNAP) as a nitric oxide (NO) donor to printed grafts. The 3D-printed small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) were impregnated with SNAP solution during SNAP synthesis (S1) or with SNAP dissolved in methanol (S2). The advantage of the newly developed S1 impregnation method is the elimination of the synthesis step by direct impregnation inside the S1 solution. Scanning electron microscopy imaging reveals the successful crystal formation in both methods. The results demonstrate that both S1- and S2-impregnated grafts, after covering with polycaprolactone topcoat, can release NO in a controlled manner and in the physiological range (0.5-4.0 × 10^-10 mol cm^-2 min^-1 ) over a 15 days period. The created grafts with a NO-releasing surface have also shown bactericidal effect while the healing properties of the implant were improved by promoting migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs). These results suggest that incorporation of 3D printing technology with the newly developed S1 impregnation of SNAP can optimize and shorten the manufacturing process of the next generation of patient-based antibacterial SDVGs with a higher attraction for ECs.