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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
Published on: February 26, 2020
Effects of bilingual language experience on basal ganglia computations: A dynamic causal modeling test of the
Brianna L Yamasaki1, Andrea Stocco2, Allison S Liu3
1Department of Psychology, Box 351525, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, Box 357988, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Psychology and Human Development, 230 Appleton Place, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
Abstract:
Bilingual language control is characterized by the ability to select from amongst competing representations based on the current language in use. According to the Conditional Routing Model (CRM), this feat is underpinned by basal-ganglia signal-routing mechanisms, and may have implications for cognitive flexibility. The current experiment used dynamic causal modeling of fMRI data to compare network-level brain functioning in monolinguals and bilinguals during a task that required productive (semantic decision) and receptive (language) switches. Consistent with the CRM, results showed that: (1) both switch types drove activation in the basal ganglia, (2) bilinguals and monolinguals differed in the strength of influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on basal ganglia, and (3) differences in bilingual language experience were marginally related to the strength of influence of the switching drives onto basal ganglia. Additionally, a task-by-group interaction was found, suggesting that when bilinguals engaged in language-switching, their task-switching costs were reduced.
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