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Frontal cortex differentiates between free and imposed target selection in multiple-target search.

Eduard Ort1, Johannes J Fahrenfort2, Reshanne Reeder3

  • 1Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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|September 1, 2019
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Summary

This study reveals that proactive cognitive control is engaged during free target selection in visual search, while reactive control is needed for imposed choices. Brain imaging shows distinct neural activity patterns for these different control modes.

Keywords:
Eye movementsFunctional magnetic resonance imagingProactive cognitive controlReactive cognitive controlVisual attentionVisual search

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Cognitive control involves proactive and reactive mechanisms for goal-directed behavior.
  • Understanding the neural basis of these control modes is crucial for explaining complex cognitive tasks.
  • Visual search, especially with multiple targets, provides a paradigm to study these mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct roles of proactive and reactive cognitive control during target switching in a multiple-target visual search task.
  • To identify the underlying neural networks associated with free (proactive) versus imposed (reactive) target selection and switching.
  • To examine the interplay between control networks and the default mode network during visual search.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a gaze-contingent eye tracking paradigm combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • Participants performed a visual search task with simultaneous presentation of two potential targets among distractors.
  • Manipulated target presence to create conditions of free choice (proactive control) versus imposed choice (reactive control).

Main Results:

  • Switch costs were observed only in the imposed (reactive) target selection condition, not in the free (proactive) condition.
  • Differential activation within the frontoparietal control network was observed based on whether target switches were free or imposed.
  • The default mode network showed increased activity during target repetitions, suggesting reduced cognitive control, while both free and imposed switches activated specific frontal and parietal regions.

Conclusions:

  • Proactive control, associated with free target selection, engages anterior frontal regions beyond those activated by reactive control.
  • Reactive control, necessary for imposed choices, is linked to switch costs and specific frontoparietal network activity.
  • These findings delineate the distinct neural underpinnings of proactive and reactive control mechanisms in complex visual search scenarios.