Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 20, 2026
Brunton Compass: Strike and Dip Measurement of Rock Layers
Published on: April 30, 2023
Hybrid Cramér-Rao bound of direction finding, using a triad of cardioid sensors that are perpendicularly oriented and
Dominic Makaa Kitavi1, Kainam Thomas Wong2, Tsair-Chuan Lin3
1Department of Mathematics, Computing and Information Technology, University of Embu.
Abstract:
Cardioid microphones/hydrophones are highly directional acoustical sensors, which enjoy easy availability via numerous commercial vendors for professional use. Collocating three such cardioids in orthogonal orientation to each other, the resulting triad would be sharply directional yet physically compact, while decoupling the incident signal's time-frequency dimensions from its azimuth-elevation directional dimensions, thereby simplifying signal-processing computations. This paper studies such a cardioid triad's azimuth-elevation direction-of-arrival estimation accuracy, which is characterized here by the hybrid Cramér-Rao bound. This analysis allows the cardioidicity index (α) to be stochastically uncertain, applies to any cardioidic order (k), and is valid for any real-valued incident signal regardless of the signal's time-frequency structure.
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