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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Elemental Composition
Published on: April 30, 2023
Design and characterization of a recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet
Jamie W Riley1, Bingxing Wang1, Michael A Parkes1
1Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
A new recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is described. A recirculating system is essential for studying samples that are only available in relatively small quantities. The reduction in background pressure when using the recirculating system compared to a liquid-nitrogen cold-trap results in a significant improvement in the quality of the photoelectron spectra. Moreover, the recirculating system results in a negligible streaming potential. The instrument design, operation, and characterization are described in detail, and its performance is illustrated by comparing a photoelectron spectrum of aqueous phenol recorded using the recirculating system with one recorded using a liquid nitrogen cold-trap.
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