[Overview of adaptive radiotherapy in 2019: From implementation to clinical use]

Intensity modulated radiotherapy combined with image guided radiotherapy has led to increase the precision of external beam radiotherapy. However, intra or inter-fraction anatomical variations are frequent during the treatment course and can cause under-dosing of the target volume and/or over-dosing of the organs at risk. Several adaptive radiotherapy (ART) strategies can be defined to compensate these anatomical variations. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of available ART strategies: offline, online, hybrid (library of treatment plans) or in real-time, while considering the arrival of MR-Linac devices in radiotherapy departments. The tools required to these ART strategies such as auto-segmentation, deformable image registration, calculation of the daily dose or dose accumulation, are also described. Implementing an ART strategy requires a rigorous quality assurance process, at each stage and on the entire workflow, as well as prior organization and training from of all the trades. A strong multidisciplinary involvement is finally required in order to ensure ART treatments.