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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
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Is bladder voiding efficiency useful to evaluate voiding function in women older than 65 years?

F A Valentini1, B G Marti1, G Robain1

  • 1Sorbonne université and hôpital Rothschild, 75012 Paris, France.

Progres En Urologie : Journal De L'Association Francaise D'Urologie Et De La Societe Francaise D'Urologie
|September 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Bladder voiding efficiency (BVE) is higher during free flow (FF) voiding than intubated flow (IF) in older women with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Low BVE during IF may indicate detrusor dysfunction.

Keywords:
AgeingBladder voiding efficiencyFemmeUrodynamicsUrodynamiqueVieillissementWomanÉfficacité mictionnelle de la vessie

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Geriatrics
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in older women.
  • Accurate assessment of bladder voiding efficiency (BVE) is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Reproducibility of BVE measurements can be affected by the voiding method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reproducibility of bladder voiding efficiency (BVE) between free flow (FF) and intubated flow (IF) in elderly women.
  • To determine the relationship between BVE and patient complaints and urodynamic diagnoses.

Main Methods:

  • Urodynamic tracings from 190 non-neurologic women with LUTS were analyzed.
  • Voiding efficiency was measured using both FF and IF methods.
  • Post-void residual volume (PVR) was assessed via Bladder-scan.

Main Results:

  • Overall BVE was significantly higher during FF (90.4±15.3) compared to IF (77.6±25.8) (P<.0001).
  • This difference persisted across age subgroups and in women with urinary incontinence.
  • BVE was lower during IF for detrusor dysfunction, except in cases of detrusor overactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Free flow (FF) voiding provides a higher bladder voiding efficiency (BVE) measurement compared to intubated flow (IF) in older women with LUTS.
  • A low BVE during IF may suggest underlying detrusor dysfunction.
  • These findings support FF as a preferred method for BVE assessment in this population.