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A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life12:15

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Optimal Foraging00:48

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How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
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Optimal Foraging
Organisms must acquire and use resources in their environment to survive. While food is one of the primary resources organisms must search for, individuals also need to seek habitats, shelter, and mates. This process of searching for resources is known as foraging, which involves a series of costs and benefits. More specifically, acquiring a resource provides the organism with a benefit, however, searching and capturing the resource requires expenditure of time and energy.
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Simulating Foraging with Artificial Habitats and Prey
ExpandNOTE: The foragers will hunt for prey represented by pinto beans in four buckets of rice with varying prey densities. Without knowing what these densities are, foragers must obtain as many prey items as possible in as little time as possible.
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Setting up the Foraging Habitat Patches
ExpandPrint a student data collection sheet for each student to record data. NOTE: Students will work in groups of three for this activity. For any given round, one student will forage, one student will record data and another student will run the stopwatch.
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life
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Variable Background Flow on Aquatic Toxicant Exposure Alters Foraging Patterns on Crayfish.

Fatima Alacantara1, Kristi K Weighman2,3, Paul A Moore4,5,6

  • 1University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|September 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Variable flow conditions amplify the impact of the herbicide metolachlor on rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) foraging behavior. Increased variability in pesticide exposure may lead to more severe ecological consequences in midwestern streams.

Keywords:
Climate changeDynamic exposureFlowGroundwaterRunoffToxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Freshwater Ecology

Background:

  • Climate change alters hydrological cycles, increasing variability in water inputs to streams.
  • Midwestern agricultural regions face risks of pesticide and herbicide runoff into aquatic ecosystems.
  • Metolachlor is a common herbicide contaminating surface and groundwater in the region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of variable flow conditions on metolachlor toxicity.
  • To assess changes in the foraging behavior of rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) exposed to metolachlor under different flow regimes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Mixed Model ANCOVA to analyze changes in crayfish foraging behavior.
  • Exposed rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) to environmentally relevant concentrations of metolachlor.
  • Simulated variable and constant flow conditions in laboratory settings.

Main Results:

  • Crayfish significantly increased macrophyte consumption under metolachlor exposure, but only in the variable flow regime.
  • Variable flow conditions, not constant flow, exacerbated the impact of metolachlor on foraging behavior.
  • A significant interaction was observed between flow regime and metolachlor exposure on crayfish behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Increased variability in toxicant exposure due to altered flow regimes can lead to more pronounced behavioral changes in aquatic organisms.
  • The findings highlight the ecological risks posed by climate change-induced hydrological variability in agricultural watersheds.
  • Variable flow regimes may amplify the sublethal effects of pesticides like metolachlor on freshwater invertebrates.