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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
11:50

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Atypical diagnosis for typical lung carcinoid.

Roberto Piro1, Roberto Tonelli2, Sofia Taddei3

  • 1Respiratory Diseases Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

BMC Pulmonary Medicine
|September 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing small lung carcinoid tumors is difficult. Radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) aided in diagnosing a peripheral carcinoid tumor missed by standard bronchoscopy.

Keywords:
Pulmonary carcinoid tumorSolitary pulmonary noduleTrans-bronchial biopsy

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Diagnosing small lung carcinoid tumors can be challenging due to size and location.
  • Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) can improve diagnostic yield for peripheral nodules <2cm.

Observation:

  • A 70-year-old male presented with persistent fever and cough.
  • Chest imaging revealed a small left upper lobe nodule with high FDG PET/CT SUV.
  • Standard bronchoscopy showed no endobronchial or intramural abnormalities.

Findings:

  • Radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) guided transbronchial sampling.
  • Pathological analysis confirmed a typical carcinoid tumor.
  • The patient subsequently underwent surgical lobectomy.

Implications:

  • Ultrasound is crucial for diagnosing small peripheral lung carcinoids.
  • R-EBUS is particularly valuable when tumors lack mucosal or submucosal involvement.
  • This case highlights the utility of R-EBUS in challenging lung nodule diagnoses.