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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Generating Recombinant Live-Attenuated Influenza Viruses for Vaccines
Influenza A Virus Subpopulations and Their Implication in Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development
Amir Ghorbani1,2, John M Ngunjiri1, Chang-Won Lee1,2
1Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA; email: ghorbani.7@osu.edu, ngunjiri.1@osu.edu, lee.2854@osu.edu.
Abstract:
The concept of influenza A virus (IAV) subpopulations emerged approximately 75 years ago, when Preben von Magnus described "incomplete" virus particles that interfere with the replication of infectious virus. It is now widely accepted that infectious particles constitute only a minor portion of biologically active IAV subpopulations. The IAV quasispecies is an extremely diverse swarm of biologically and genetically heterogeneous particle subpopulations that collectively influence the evolutionary fitness of the virus. This review summarizes the current knowledge of IAV subpopulations, focusing on their biologic and genomic diversity. It also discusses the potential roles IAV subpopulations play in virus pathogenesis and live attenuated influenza vaccine development.
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