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Related Concept Videos

Nucleophilic Substitution14:21

Nucleophilic Substitution

102.7K
Source: Vy M. Dong and Daniel Kim, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are among the most fundamental topics covered in organic chemistry. A nucleophilic substitution reaction is one where a nucleophile (electron-rich Lewis base) replaces a leaving group from a carbon atom.
SN1 (S = Substitution, N = Nucleophilic, 1 = first-order kinetics)
SN2 (S = Substitution, N = Nucleophilic, 2 = second-order kinetics)
This video will help to...
102.7K
Object Substitution Masking10:14

Object Substitution Masking

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Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum—Johns Hopkins University
Visual masking is a term used by perceptual scientists to refer to a wide range of phenomena in which in an image is presented but not perceived by an observer because of the presentation of a second image. There are several different kinds of masking, many of them relatively intuitive and unsurprising. But one surprising and important type of masking is called Object Substitution Masking. It has been a focus of research in...
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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.3K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.3K
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

14.8K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
14.8K
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions02:34

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

19.1K
Historical perspective
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
19.1K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

1.3K
This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
1.3K

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Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1 and SN2 Reactions
14:21

Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1 and SN2 Reactions

Published on: April 30, 2023

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Looking from the outside: No substitute for rigorous evaluation.

Conor Duggan1

  • 1Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : CBMH
|September 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic mental health services face challenges in preventing crime and reoffending due to a weak evidence base. Current practitioners and academics may not meet public expectations for effective, evidence-based interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Psychiatry
  • Mental Health Services Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Public expectations of forensic mental health services include crime prevention and intervention for individuals with mental disorders.
  • Key questions involve public health measures for prevention, early identification of potential offenders, and interventions to prevent reoffending.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence base supporting current forensic mental health services.
  • To assess whether practitioners can meet public expectations for evidence-based responses in crime prevention and intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current evidence in forensic mental health.
  • Analysis of the complexity of factors influencing forensic mental health outcomes.
  • Examination of the impact of limited academic infrastructure and funding.

Main Results:

  • Current literature suggests a shortfall in adequately evidenced responses from forensic mental health practitioners.
  • The evidence base is limited due to complex interplay of factors and a decline in academic forensic psychiatry infrastructure.
  • Ineffective and wasteful resource allocation may result from decisions made without a strong evidence base.

Conclusions:

  • Forensic mental health services may not currently meet public expectations for evidence-based crime prevention and intervention.
  • The lack of a robust evidence base and diminished academic support pose significant challenges for the future of the field.
  • There is a critical need to strengthen the evidence base and academic infrastructure within forensic mental health services.