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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.8K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.8K
Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

48.1K
In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
48.1K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.2K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.2K
Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

63.6K
An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
63.6K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

103.5K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
103.5K
Acid-Base Titration Curves02:23

Acid-Base Titration Curves

139.9K
A titration curve is a plot of some solution property versus the amount of added titrant. For acid-base titrations, solution pH is a useful property to monitor because it varies predictably with the solution composition and, therefore, may be used to monitor the titration’s progress and detect its endpoint. Acid-base titration can be performed with a strong acid and a strong base, a strong acid and a weak base, or a strong base and a weak acid.
For a titration carried out for 25.00 mL of...
139.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.8K

Diagnosing acute acid-base disorders.

František Duška, Petr Waldauf

    Vnitrni Lekarstvi
    |September 6, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study simplifies diagnosing complex acid-base disorders using the strong ion difference, complementing the traditional bicarbonate buffer system. This approach aids in identifying metabolic and respiratory imbalances and unmeasured anions with mental calculations.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Physiology
    • Medical Diagnostics

    Background:

    • Traditional diagnosis of acid-base disorders relies on the bicarbonate buffer system (pH based on [HCO3-] and pCO2).
    • This system distinguishes metabolic and respiratory disorders and defines compensation.
    • Complex cases necessitate complementary diagnostic strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a simplified approach to diagnosing complex acid-base disorders using the principle of electroneutrality.
    • To demonstrate the utility of the strong ion difference in clinical practice.
    • To explain the concept using case reports.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the strong ion difference, simplified as [Na+] - [Cl-], as a key diagnostic parameter.
    • Assessing the interplay between strong ion difference, albumin, and bicarbonate concentrations.
    Keywords:
    acid base equilibriumelectroneutralityinteral environment

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  • Identifying the presence of unmeasured anions when the sum of negative charges is less than the strong ion difference.

    • Main Results:

    • A decrease in the strong ion difference (e.g., [Na+] - [Cl-] < 36 mM) indicates alkalosis.
    • Reduced albumin concentration frees up space for bicarbonate, influencing acid-base balance.
    • Discrepancies between the strong ion difference and the sum of albumin and bicarbonate charges suggest unmeasured anions.

    Conclusions:

    • The strong ion difference provides a practical and simplified method for diagnosing complex acid-base disorders.
    • Electroneutrality offers an advantageous complement to the bicarbonate-based approach.
    • This simplified method is applicable using mental arithmetic and aids in identifying unmeasured anions.