Cell Type- and Exposure-Specific Modulation of CD63/CD81-Positive and Tissue Factor-Positive Extracellular Vesicle...

Chronic exposure to respiratory stressors increases the risk for pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we have shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) triggers the release of CD63⁺CD81⁺ and tissue factor (TF)⁺ procoagulant extracellular vesicles (EVs) by bronchial epithelial cells via depletion of cell surface thiols. Here, we hypothesized that this represents a universal response for different pulmonary cell types and respiratory exposures. Using bead-based flow cytometry, we found that bronchial epithelial cells and pulmonary fibroblasts, but not pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells or macrophages, release CD63⁺CD81⁺ and TF⁺ EVs in response to CSE. Cell surface thiols decreased in all cell types upon CSE exposure, whereas depletion of cell surface thiols using bacitracin only triggered EV release by epithelial cells and fibroblasts. The thiol-antioxidant NAC prevented the EV induction by CSE in epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Exposure of epithelial cells to occupational silica nanoparticles and particulate matter (PM) from outdoor air pollution also enhanced EV release. Cell surface thiols were mildly decreased and NAC partly prevented the EV induction for PM₁₀, but not for silica and PM_2.5. Taken together, induction of procoagulant EVs is a cell type-specific response to CSE. Moreover, induction of CD63⁺CD81⁺ and TF⁺ EVs in bronchial epithelial cells appears to be a universal response to various respiratory stressors. TF⁺ EVs may serve as biomarkers of exposure and/or risk in response to respiratory exposures and may help to guide preventive treatment decisions.