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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment
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Shadow systems in assessment: how supervisors make progress decisions in practice.

Damian J Castanelli1,2, Jennifer M Weller3,4, Elizabeth Molloy5

  • 1School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. Damian.Castanelli@monash.edu.

Advances in Health Sciences Education : Theory and Practice
|September 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Supervisors making trainee progress decisions rely on informal "shadow systems" beyond formal assessments. This highlights a disconnect between workplace practices and programmatic assessment, impacting patient safety and trainee progression.

Keywords:
Decision-makingPostgraduate medical educationProgrammatic assessmentQualitative researchWorkplace learningWorkplace-based assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Healthcare Professional Development
  • Assessment in Medicine

Background:

  • Medical educators require robust workplace-based assessment data for trainee progression and credentialing.
  • The dual role of workplace-based assessment in promoting learning and informing high-stakes decisions presents potential challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how supervisors make decisions regarding trainee progress in clinical practice.
  • To understand the factors influencing supervisors' judgments beyond formal assessment tools.

Main Methods:

  • Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 supervisors of postgraduate anesthesia training in Australia and New Zealand.
  • Thematic analysis was applied to interview transcripts to identify key themes in decision-making processes.

Main Results:

  • Supervisors utilized informal 'shadow systems,' including personal observations and trusted colleague feedback, in addition to formal assessment portfolios.
  • Decision-making incorporated expert judgment, consideration of performance standards, and contextual factors of the learning environment.
  • Supervisors experienced emotional burdens and developed strategies to share responsibility and balance trainee welfare with patient safety.

Conclusions:

  • The reliance on 'shadow systems' suggests a misalignment between local workplace assessment practices and formal programmatic assessment for high-stakes decisions.
  • Improving formal assessment processes to better align with local needs or integrating 'shadow system' information into formal processes are recommended avenues for enhancement.