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Updated: Jan 20, 2026
Black Box Model
Opening access to the black box: The need for reporting on the global phosphorus supply chain
Claudiu-Eduard Nedelciu1,2, Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir3, Ingrid Stjernquist4
1Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. eduard.nedelciu@natgeo.su.se.
Abstract:
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient in agriculture; however, lack of reporting makes its supply chain a black box. By using literature synthesis on the P challenge, we identify four areas where the reporting process is problematic: P reserves and resources; P losses along the supply chain; P externalities; and access to data. We find that in these areas, the reporting system is inconsistent, inaccurate, incomplete, fragmented and non-transparent. We use systems analysis to discuss implications of reporting on the sustainability of the P supply chain. We find that reporting is essential for the achievement of global P governance and the human right to adequate food. It can also inform decision makers and other impacted stakeholders on policies on agriculture, food security, pollution and international conflict. An improved P reporting process also allows a better evaluation of global sustainability commitments such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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