Health and welfare priorities in goats

We demonstrate the utility of nest building behavior in laboratory mice as an indicator of welfare. Nest scoring is a sensitive technique that is altered by temperature, illness, and aggression. The time to integrate into nest test (TINT) is a simple cage-side assessment that can detect postoperative...

This manuscript describes the Research Prioritization by Affected Communities (RPAC) protocol and findings from its use with women at risk for preterm birth. Using the protocol, women identified and prioritized their unanswered questions about pregnancy, birth and neonatal care aimed at influencing research priority setting by funders and...

A protocol to enable individuals with developmental language disorder (DLD) and their parents/carers to meaningfully participate in a research priority setting exercise is established. The protocol includes a defined program of activities for data collection, and methods to incorporate this data into the broader research priority setting...

Markets don’t always work perfectly. In theory, they should allocate resources efficiently, but real-world problems often get in the way. One major issue is externalities—when a transaction affects people who aren’t directly involved. Negative externalities, like pollution, impose costs on others without compensation. A steel factory dumping waste into a river harms nearby farmers, yet the factory has no reason to stop unless regulations or taxes force it to consider these hidden...

The First Welfare Theorem explains how resources are allocated efficiently in perfectly competitive markets. It states that in these markets, competitive equilibrium leads to Pareto efficiency, meaning no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off.Imagine two neighbors living in a rural area. One has a surplus of firewood, essential for heating during cold nights, while the other has access to clean water from a nearby spring. The first neighbor values water more, as...

The Second Welfare Theorem states that any Pareto-efficient allocation can be reached with proper redistribution. It suggests that an equitable initial allocation of resources can be established through redistribution, and subsequently, markets can operate unhindered to achieve efficiency.Imagine two farmers. One has many seeds but little land, while the other has plenty of land but few seeds. Without adjusting prices, redistributing some land to the first farmer and some seeds to the second...