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Weak Base Solutions03:21

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
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The center of gravity (COG) of an object is the point where the object's total weight is considered to be concentrated. Knowing the location of the center of gravity is useful when predicting the behavior of a moving object or designing static structures. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of gravity is similar to the center of mass (COM); yet, these two points can be positioned differently. For example, the Moon's center of mass lies very close to its geometric center, but...
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Weak Gravity Conjecture from Unitarity and Causality.

Yuta Hamada1, Toshifumi Noumi2,3, Gary Shiu3

  • 1Crete Center for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Department of Physics, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.

Physical Review Letters
|September 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The weak gravity conjecture requires charged states with a high charge-to-mass ratio. Heavy extremal black holes can fulfill this role in many quantum gravity theories, including string theory.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical Physics
  • Quantum Gravity
  • String Theory

Background:

  • The weak gravity conjecture posits that quantum gravity theories must include charged particles with a charge-to-mass ratio exceeding one.
  • Extremal black holes are crucial objects in understanding quantum gravity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether heavy extremal black holes can satisfy the weak gravity conjecture.
  • To explore the implications of unitarity and causality on higher derivative corrections to black hole properties.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing unitarity and causality constraints on higher derivative corrections.
  • Studying the charge-to-mass ratio of extremal black holes.
  • Considering scenarios with light neutral bosons and specific UV completions.

Main Results:

  • Heavy extremal black holes can act as the required charged states under specific conditions.
  • The findings apply when higher-spin states are subdominant in photon scattering.
  • This includes theories with dilaton/moduli and UV completions like open string theory.

Conclusions:

  • Provides an existence proof for the weak gravity conjecture in a broad range of theories.
  • Confirms the conjecture's validity in generic string theory with stabilized dilaton or moduli below the string scale.