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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila
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Stress & sleep: A relationship lasting a lifetime.

Viviana Lo Martire1, Danila Caruso2, Laura Palagini2

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|September 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Stress significantly impacts sleep, with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis playing a key role. The effects of stress on sleep vary based on duration and timing, with perinatal stress causing long-term sleep issues.

Keywords:
AcuteChronicCortisolEpigeneticsHPAHippocampusInsomniaSleepStress

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Sleep Science
  • Stress Research

Background:

  • Stress is a physiological response to maintain homeostasis.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to the neuroendocrine stress response.
  • HPA axis activation influences various physiological processes, including the sleep-wake cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human and rodent studies on HPA axis actors and sleep homeostasis.
  • To examine how acute and chronic stress differentially affect the wake-sleep cycle.
  • To explore the long-term impact of stress on sleep, including perinatal stress and epigenetic modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human and rodent studies.
  • Analysis of the modulation of the wake-sleep cycle by acute and chronic stress.
  • Investigation of perinatal stress effects on adult sleep patterns through epigenetic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Each component of the HPA axis can influence sleep homeostasis.
  • Acute and chronic stress exhibit distinct modulatory effects on the wake-sleep cycle.
  • Perinatal stress can lead to persistent sleep disturbances in adulthood, potentially via epigenetic changes.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between sleep and stress is complex and time-dependent.
  • Time scale is a critical factor in understanding stress's impact on sleep.
  • Considering the temporal dimension is essential for addressing sleep disturbances related to stress.