Grazing affects snow accumulation and subsequent spring soil water by removing vegetation in a temperate grassland

By altering plant and soil properties and microclimate environments, grazing has a profound influence on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems. However, few studies have addressed the potential grazing effects on snow accumulation and subsequent spring soil water after snow melting and soil thawing. In this study, vegetation properties, snow accumulation and soil water were measured in experimental plots subjected to 8 years of cattle grazing comprising six different grazing intensity treatments in a typical temperate grassland in eastern Eurasia. The results indicated that heavy grazing reduced the snow depth by 51% and the snow mass by 40%. Snow accumulation first rapidly increased but then remained relatively stable with increases in both the aboveground biomass and canopy height. An obvious inflection point occurred at approximately 200 g m^-2 aboveground biomass and at a 12.5 cm canopy height. The obvious difference in soil water content between the heavily grazed and ungrazed treatments occurred mainly in the spring after snow melting and soil thawing. The spring soil water content (0-30 cm) reached 31.5% in the ungrazed treatment (G0), which was 1.7 times that in the heavily grazed treatment (G0.92). The soil water content increased exponentially with increasing vegetation properties (aboveground biomass, canopy height and canopy cover), and a similar trend occurred with increasing snow mass and snow depth. Our structural equation modeling showed that both vegetation properties and snow accumulation had significant positive effects on spring soil water. By removing vegetation, grazing at increased intensities had significant, indirect suppressive effects on snow accumulation and spring soil water. Therefore, to obtain increased amounts of snow accumulation and spring soil water, land managers should consider reducing the grazing intensity or leaving some plots ungrazed.