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Related Concept Videos

Monitoring Dynamic Growth of Retinal Vessels in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model10:32

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This protocol describes a detailed method for the preparation and immunofluorescence staining of mice retinal flat mounts and analysis. The use of fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) for mice pups and image processing are described in detail as...
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This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Monitoring Dynamic Growth of Retinal Vessels in Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Mouse Model
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Nucleome Dynamics during Retinal Development.

Jackie L Norrie1, Marybeth S Lupo1, Beisi Xu2

  • 1Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.

Neuron
|September 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers mapped the 3D genome architecture during retinal development. They discovered a specific super-enhancer crucial for bipolar neuron formation, highlighting its role in cell differentiation.

Keywords:
Hi-CVsx2bipolar neuroncore regulatory circuiteuchromatinheterochromatinmachine learningnucleomeretinasuper-enhancer

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Retinal development involves precise gene regulation.
  • Thousands of genes and enhancers are dynamically active during retinal cell production.
  • Understanding the 3D chromatin structure is key to deciphering gene expression control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic changes in the 3D chromatin landscape during murine retinal development.
  • To identify cell- and developmental stage-specific regulatory elements, particularly super-enhancers.
  • To elucidate the role of specific regulatory elements in retinal cell type specification.

Main Methods:

  • Ultra-deep in situ Hi-C analysis of murine retinae.
  • Machine learning-based algorithm for mapping euchromatin and heterochromatin domains.
  • Integration of single-cell ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and ChIP-seq data.

Main Results:

  • Identified developmental-stage-specific changes in chromatin compartments and enhancer-promoter interactions.
  • Mapped genome-wide euchromatin and heterochromatin domains.
  • Discovered cell- and developmental stage-specific super-enhancers (SEs).
  • Identified a bipolar neuron-specific SE upstream of Vsx2.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D chromatin landscape undergoes dynamic changes during retinal development.
  • A specific SE is critical for the development of bipolar neurons.
  • Deletion of this SE leads to the loss of bipolar neurons in mice, confirming its essential function.