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Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits
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Environmental gradients influence differences in leaf functional traits between native and non-native plants.

Jonathan J Henn1, Stephanie Yelenik2, Ellen I Damschen3

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. henn.jonathan@gmail.com.

Oecologia
|September 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Non-native plants invade by outcompeting natives or filling empty niches, with invasion strategies depending on environmental context. Functional traits reveal these differences across environmental gradients, highlighting the role of habitat conditions in plant invasions.

Keywords:
Environmental gradientFunctional traitsHawaiʻiInvasion mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Botany
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Understanding plant invasions is crucial for conservation and ecosystem management.
  • Non-native species may invade by outcompeting native species or by exploiting available resources in unfilled ecological niches.
  • The relative importance of these invasion mechanisms can be influenced by environmental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how plant functional traits differ between native and non-native species.
  • To determine if the prevalence of these traits is dependent on environmental conditions.
  • To assess the roles of competition and niche availability in plant invasions.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of plant functional traits, including specific leaf area and leaf thickness.
  • Evaluation of native and non-native plant communities along an environmental gradient in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park.
  • Analysis of trait variation in relation to environmental factors (hot, dry to cool, wet conditions).

Main Results:

  • Non-native communities exhibited traits associated with faster growth strategies (e.g., higher specific leaf area).
  • Differences between native and non-native community traits increased along the environmental gradient.
  • Non-native species appeared to occupy unfilled niche space, particularly in hotter, drier conditions.
  • Species turnover, rather than intraspecific variation, explained most of the observed trait variation.

Conclusions:

  • Both competitive exclusion and niche filling contribute to plant invasions.
  • Environmental context significantly influences the mechanisms of plant invasion.
  • Non-native species adapt their strategies based on available resources and environmental conditions.