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The moment of inertia is typically associated with principal axes, but it can also be computed for any random axis. When an arbitrary axis is under consideration, the moment of inertia is determined by integrating the mass distribution of the object along that specific axis. It is crucial in applications like the design of machinery, where components rotate about various axes, and balance and stability are essential.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos
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The FGF metabolic axis.

Xiaokun Li1

  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. xiaokunli@wmu.edu.cn.

Frontiers of Medicine
|September 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members have distinct roles. Endocrine FGFs (FGF19, FGF21, FGF23) regulate metabolic homeostasis via novel "FGF Metabolic Axes," differing from growth-promoting FGFs.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolic Homeostasis

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are crucial for homeostasis, with diverse evolutionary paths.
  • Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs act locally (autocrine/paracrine) for cell growth.
  • FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 evolved distinct structures and functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate endocrine FGFs from other FGF family members.
  • To introduce a new term for FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 based on their unique functions.
  • To highlight the role of endocrine FGFs in interorgan metabolic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of FGF structural elements and evolutionary divergence.
  • Investigation of FGF binding affinities for heparan sulfate and Klotho co-receptors.
Keywords:
FGF19FGF21FGF23FGFRKlothoendocrinemetabolism

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  • Review of established FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 metabolic axes.

    • Main Results:

    • FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 lost heparan sulfate binding but gained Klotho co-receptor affinity.
    • These endocrine FGFs mediate interorgan communication regulating bile acid, lipid, glucose, energy, phosphate, and calcium metabolism.
    • FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 function in endocrine "FGF Metabolic Axes," distinct from mitogenic FGFs.

    Conclusions:

    • A new term, "FGF Metabolic Axis," is proposed for FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23.
    • This term reflects their endocrine function and divergence from other FGFs.
    • FGF Metabolic Axes are critical for systemic metabolic homeostasis and interorgan crosstalk.