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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 19, 2026

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
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Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women.

Y-C Chen1,2,3, W-Z Sun2,4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|September 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Menopause status did not significantly impact cognitive function in middle-aged women after general surgery by postoperative day 7. Age adjustment revealed no lasting differences in cognitive tests between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Keywords:
Cognitive functionestrogenhormone therapymenopausepostoperative cognitive dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a concern in surgical patients.
  • Menopause is associated with changes in cognitive function, but its impact on POCD is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of menopause status on cognitive function following general anesthesia.
  • To compare cognitive performance between premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional observational study of 58 women (40-60 years) categorized as premenopausal or postmenopausal.
  • Cognitive function assessed using Tablet-based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) and Computerized-Digit Vigilance Test (C-DVT) preoperatively and on postoperative days 1 and 7.
  • Exclusion criteria included hormone replacement therapy, hysterectomy, or oophorectomy.

Main Results:

  • Postmenopausal women exhibited longer T-SDMT reaction times preoperatively and on postoperative day 7.
  • Significant differences in T-SDMT and C-DVT scores between groups were not sustained after adjusting for age.
  • Postmenopausal women showed higher C-DVT hit-reaction times on postoperative days 1 and 7; 10.7% experienced worse T-SDMT hit-reaction time by postoperative day 7.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause status does not appear to have a significant effect on cognitive function in middle-aged women 7 days after general surgery.
  • Age and duration of menopause were correlated with baseline cognitive test performance.
  • Further research may be needed to explore long-term cognitive effects or specific cognitive domains potentially affected by menopause.